Documents & Records
Railway Construction
In the early 1880s, many Chinese workers were recruited for the construction of the B.C. section of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
Chinese labourers were initially hired between 1880-1881 from the U.S., and about 1500 came to B.C. from San Francisco and Portland. To recruit these workers, the construction company used the services of the Lian Chang Company, a company established by a San Francisco businessman of Toisan origin, Li Tianpei. The company had offices in Victoria and Hong Kong.
Lian Chang and several other companies, both Chinese and non-Chinese, subsequently undertook the recruitment and transport of thousands of railway workers directly from Hong Kong. These workers were unaccompanied by their families and about 8000 arrived in Victoria during 1882. Chinese railway workers endured very harsh conditions, and it has been estimated that at least 600 died during railroad construction.
Unfortunately, the likelihood of locating information on ancestors who worked on the construction of Canadian railroads is remote. This is true not only of the Chinese, but also of others who were employed in railway construction. There is a Canadian Pacific Railway Archives, but its holdings relate to the operation of the railway, not to its construction. The contractors who built the railway and the sub-contractors who hired railway workers on their behalf, were usually not Canadian, and it is doubtful that their records have survived. The genealogical search is further complicated because, in the case of the Chinese, labourers were not hired as individuals, but in large groups of perhaps one thousand men.
Although you are unlikely to find specific information on an individual Chinese ancestor's role in the building of the railway, Julia Ningyu Li uses numerous archival photographs to provide a vivid visual impression of the experience of early Chinese railway workers in her book Canadian Steel, Chinese Grit. The author also includes a series of "Our Family's Story" articles, derived from taped interviews with Chinese-Canadians whose ancestors included the following railway workers:
| Name | Page numbers |
| Yip Sang | 18-19 |
| Cheng Foo | 48-49 |
| Pon Hincheng | 110-111 |
| Tan Qiaodong | 132-133 |
| Liang Shiji | 147 |
| Mark Yin-pow | 156-157 |
The Ties That Bind is an online virtual exhibit exploring the history of the Chinese in Canada from before Confederation, during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway and beyond. The exhibit uses archival research and documents along with the testimony of Chinese-Canadians descendants. The following individuals are included in the exhibit:
| Descendant | Ancestor | Alexandria Sham | Sum Yong Tai |
| Brian Joe | On Lee |
| Larry Kwong | Loo Ying Tow |
| James Pon | Pon Hin Cheng |
| Judi Michelle Young | Yong Hong Yon |
| Ron Lee | Lee Duck |
| Keven Jangze | Cheng Ging Butt |
| Stan Fong | Lum King Fong |
| Cindy Leong | Willy Nipp |
| David Wong | Sam Kwan and Kwan Chu Wing |
| Kwoi Gin | Suey Kee Gin |
| David Chu | Chu Chong Pung |
| Landy Ing-Anderson | Ralph Lung Kee Lee |
Canadian Steel, Chinese Grit: A Tribute to the Chinese Who Worked on Canada's Railroads More Than a Century Ago (2000)
Li, Julia Ningyu, compiler and editor
971.004 C2134L
Useful information about the recruitment and experiences of Chinese railway workers is also found in the following books:
From China to Canada: A History of the Chinese Communities in Canada (1982)
Con, Harry, et. al; Edgar Wickberg, editor.
971.004 F93c
- p. 20-26
Gold Mountain: the Chinese in the New World (1983)
Chan, Anthony B.
305.8951 C45g
- p. 37-73
In the Sea of Sterile Mountains: The Chinese in British Columbia (1977)
Morton, James
323.1711 M88i
- p. 79-139
The Last Spike: The Great Railway, 1881-1885 (1971)
Berton, Pierre
971.05 B54s
- p. 194-206
Photo banner: Detail from VPL Historical Photograph 78362
